Pancreas:
(also see Diabetes)
Prions:(see Disease)
Polycystic Ovary Disorder
Pregnancy/Infant Development
Protein
Prostaglandins:
(also see Essential Fatty Acids)
Pancreas: (see Diabetes)
It is now known that insulin instructs the body not to burn stored fat.
So there is a compound effect from consuming excess carbohydrates: sugar
is converted into new fat and existing fat is not metabolized. Reference:
Textbook of Medical Physiology, pg. 936, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall,
W B Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.
99% of the pancreas is devoted to handling the digestion of fats and
protein while only 1% is devoted to handling sugar. Reference: Scientific
Foundations of Biochemistry in Clinical Practice, David L. Williams,
Vincent Marks, Butterworth-Heinemann, September 1994, ISBN: 0750601671
Complex carbs, having increased pancreas workload: Reference: Dutto,
S.K. and Hlasko, J. (1985). Dietary fibre in pancreatic disease: effect
of high fibre diet on fat mal absorption in pancreatic insufficiency
and in vitro study of the interaction of dietary fibre with pancreatic
enzymes. Amer J Clin Nutr, 41, 517-525.
Reference: Moser, E. (1989). Fibre types and their physiologic effects,
In Dietary Fibre: Chemical and Biological Aspects, (ed. D.A. T. Southgate,
K. Waldron, I.T. Johnson and G.R. Fenwick), pp.91-102. Royal Society
of Chemistry, Special Publication No. 83.
Insulin levels will reach 10 – 25 times above normal to get rid
of the excess glucose (sugar), and continue to stay elevated even 2
to 3 hours after the time carbohydrates are eaten. Reference: Textbook
of Medical Physiology, pg. 977, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. Hall, W B
Saunders Co., January 15, 1996, ISBN: 0721659446.
Excess insulin stimulates overproduction of Cholesterol: leading to
elevated blood levels. It reduces the elasticity of arterial walls,
increasing the risk of plaque formation, and causes the kidneys to increase
salt and fluid retention – all of which increase blood pressure
and heighten risk of heart disease and stroke. Reference: American
Diabetes Association's 59th Annual Scientific Sessions, June 1999. And
Basic Medical Biochemistry, pgs 25, 26, 475, 512, 566, Dawn B.
Marks, Allan D. Marks, Colleen M. Smith, Lippincott, Williams &
Wilkins, August, 1996, ISBN: 068305595X.
Vitamins impaired by diabetes. "Evidence that diabetes millitus
favors impaired metabolism of zinc, copper, and selenium in chronic
pancreatitis," Reference: Pancreas 2001 Apr; 22(3):299-306,
J. Diabetes Complications 2001 Mar-Apr;15(2)97-102, "Effects of
diabetes on vitamin B6 requirement in experimental animals," Diabetes
Obes Metab 1999 Jul;1(4):221-5.
The system responsible for Pancreatic Insulin release is called the
endocrine system.The cells of the pancreas are called the islets of
langerhans - these produce Insulin.They make and secrete hormones that
help the body break down and use food. Named after Paul Langerhans,
the German scientist who discovered them in 1869, these cells sit in
clusters in the pancreas. There are five types of cells in an islet:beta
cells, which make insulin; alpha cells, which make glucagon; delta cells,
which make somatostaton; and PP cells and D1 cells, about which little
is known. References: Mabley, J. G., Belin, V. D., John, N. E.,
Green, I. C. (1997) Insulin-like growth factor I reverses interleukin-1
inhibition of insulin secretion, induction of nitric oxide synthase
and cytokine-mediated apoptosis in rat islets of Langerhans. FEBS Letters
417, 235-238
References: Belin, V. D., Mabley, J. G., James, R. L. F., Swift, S.
M., Clayton, H. A., Titheradge, M. A., Green, I. C. (1999) Glucagon
decreases cytokine induction of nitric oxide synthase and action on
insulin secretion in RIN5F cells and rat and human islets of Langerhans.
Cytokine11, 585-592
Polycystic Ovary Disorder:
Polycystic ovary disorder [becoming rampant in young women] associated
with insulin resistance [result of overeating carbohydrates and trans
fats]. References: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine,
13th Edition. Eugene Braunwald M.D., Anthony S. Fauci M.D., Dennis
L. Kasper M.D., Stephen L. Hauser M.D., Dan L. Longo M.D., J. Larry
Jameson M.D., McGraw-Hill Professional, 16 February, 2001,
ISBN: 0070072728
Pregnancy/Infant Development:
Research has shown that omega-3 fatty acids are crucial for normal development
(1). If the mother is deficient in omega-3s then the nursing infant
is going to be deficient, which means the child's nervous and immune
systems may not develop fully. A study at the Mayo Clinic found
that of 19 pregnant women eating a standard American diet, all 19 were
deficient in omega-3 fatty acids (2).
References:
1. Simopoulous AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and
in growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr 54:438-463, 1991.
2. Holman R, et al. Deficiency of EFAs and membrane fluidity during
pregnancy and lactation. Biochem Nat Acad Sci 88:4835-4839, 1991.
Prions: (see Disease)
Prostaglandins: (see Essential
Fatty Acids)
Prostaglandins help keep blood platelets apart, avoiding dangerous blood
clots. Prostaglandins help to support a healthy cardiovascular system
because of this. References: Fats That Heal, Fats That Kill, Udo
Erasmus, Alive Books, 01 January, 1999, ISBN: 0920470386
Protein:
First Class: Meat, Fish, Eggs, Cheese.
Second or Third Class: Beans, Soy, Grains, Vegetables, and Nuts.
Amino acids (from protein) can’t be stored (as
body fat) in contrast with glucose (from carbohydrates), nor are they
excreted. References: Basic Medical Biochemistry, pg. 648 &
Essentials of Biochemistry, pg. 220. “amino acids are used
in the cellular structure and don’t go to excess body-fat –
in fact, carnitine (a non-essential amino acid) is required for fat-burning.
Protein should come from meat, fish, eggs, and cheese: Reference:
Landmark book, “Man Alive, You’re Half Dead!”, Daniel
Munro, M.D. Bartholomew House, New York, 1950
Most niacin in grains has low bio availability (it can’t be used
by the body). Reference: Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical
Approach, pg. 16. Dawn B. Marks, Allan D. Marks, Colleen M. Smith, Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins, August, 1996, ISBN: 068305595X
Protein is good for kidneys. Reference: Basic Medical
Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, pg. 653. Dawn B. Marks, Allan D.
Marks, Colleen M. Smith, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, August,
1996, ISBN: 068305595X
Children’s Protein Requirements:Children need one-and-a-half to
two times more protein per pound of body weight than adults--and babies
need three times more!
In a Type 1 Diabetic (see Diabetes:) high
blood sugar levels cause proteins to be surrounded by glucose molecules.
This is called Glycosylation. This causes abnormal protein spillover
in to the urine. Normally blood proteins are repelled by the kidneys
pores and don’t overflow into the urine. Also, these are blood
proteins, which have nothing to do with dietary protein. Reference:
Dr. Bernstein’s Diabetes Solution, pg. 316., Richard K. Bernstein, Little
Brown & Company, May, 1997, ISBN: 0316093440
Protein is fine for your kidneys. Glutamine, which is protein derived
removes toxic ammonia from your blood to protect you. It converts the
ammonia to urea, which is excreted through your urine. References:
Protein Power, Michael Eads, M.D., and Mary Eades, M.D., Bantam Books,
New York, 1996. Pg 188.
References: Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach, pg.
653. Dawn B. Marks, Allan D. Marks, Colleen M. Smith, Lippincott, Williams
& Wilkins, August, 1996, ISBN: 068305595X
A 150 lb. person requires a full pound of protein per
day for normal bodily processes. References: Basic Medical Biochemistry:
A Clinical Approach, page 648. Dawn B. Marks, Allan D. Marks, Colleen
M. Smith, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, August, 1996, ISBN: 068305595X
60%-70% of protein eaten is used to fuel energy of digestion, only 30%-40%
is left for body structure — like muscles — and system function
— like enzyme production. References: Basic Medical Biochemistry:
A Clinical Approach, Dawn B. Marks, Allan D. Marks, Colleen M. Smith,
Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, August, 1996, ISBN: 068305595X